![]() Along its northern frontiers the legions confront hostile German tribes. Graeco-Roman civilization is rapidly spreading throughout the Roman world. Octavian will shortly take the name Augustus, and be the first of the long succession of Roman emperors. This is largely the achievement of the young politician Octavian, son-in-law of the famous general, Julius Caesar. Civil wars and the rise of empireĪ long period of repeated civil wars amongst leading Roman politicians and commanders, peace has been restored to the Roman world. This map shows the history of Europe in 30 BCE. The past two centuries have seen the power of Rome come to dominate western Europe and the Mediterranean its empire now covers Italy, Spain, Gaul, parts of North Africa and Greece, and large parts of the Middle East. ![]() In northern Europe, Celtic tribes have continued to spread out from Gaul to cover much of the continent, and have thrown out offshoots into northern Italy, the Balkans and even Asia Minor.Īlexander the Great and the Hellenistic Kingdoms Then, having defeated Carthage, that ancient and wealthy city on the north coast of Africa, the Romans now dominate the western Mediterranean and eastern Spain. The people of this city have expanded their power to control almost all Italy. To the west, a new power has made its appearance in history, Rome. These kingdoms are home to a new cosmopolitan civilization, a hybrid of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures which modern scholars label “ Hellenistic“. These large states have been carved out of the vast but short-lived empire of Alexander the Great, who led the Greeks on an astonishing series of conquests over the Persians and other peoples, as far as India. Above all, Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle have laid many of the foundations for later Western thought.īy 200 BCE, however, powerful new kingdoms to the north and east overshadow the city-states of Greece. ![]() Then, under the leadership of the city of Athens, they went on to register immense achievements in all fields of culture. In the Mediterranean world, the huge Persian Empire made a major attempt to conquer the city-states of Greece. In the western Mediterranean there is a new power on the rise, Rome. In the eastern Mediterranean, the Greek city-states have experienced a glorious period of cultural progress, but also of intense in-fighting. The map shows the history of Europe in 200 BCE. Imperium: The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Peoples closely related to them, both ethnically and culturally, dominate central Europe.Īncient Greece: history of a civilization To the north, the Celts now cover western Europe from Spain in the west to Britain in the north. This form of government is now spreading to other peoples in the Mediterranean region: it is about now that the small city of Rome, in central Italy, ejects its kings and becomes a republic. They provide a fruitful environment for advances in many branches of endeavour: artistic, intellectual and political. Most have rejected their old tribal kings and adopted a republican style of government. The emergence of the Classical city-state in the Mediterranean world has allowed one of the most brilliant civilizations in all human history to develop, that of ancient Greece. The driving force behind this is the colonising activities of the Greeks. On the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean Sea – of Greece and the Aegean, Italy and Sicily, the southern coasts of France and Spain, and north Africa – hundreds of city-states now flourish. They brought with them knowledge of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt – and also an important new tool, alphabetic writing. Phoenician merchants developed new trading networks across the Mediterranean Sea. Over the last few centuries the coming of the Iron Age to Europe has led to a large growth in populations throughout the continent, as well as great advances in culture.Ĭivilizing influences from the Middle East began again to be felt by the peoples of south-eastern Europe in the centuries after 1000 BCE. The Iron Age has spread throughout the region, and has given rise to the brilliant civilization of the Ancient Greeks. This map shows the history of Europe in 500 BCE.
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